Do Sentences Have Identity? :: Equiformity Language Composition Papers

Do Sentences Have Identity? We study here equiformity, the standard identity criterion for sentences. This notion was put forward by Lesniewski, mentioned by Tarski and defined explicitly by Presburger. At the practical level this criterion seems workable but if the notion of sentence is taken as a fundamental basis for logic and mathematics, it seems that this principle cannot be maintained without vicious circle. It seems also that equiformity has some semantical features ; maybe this is not so clear for individual signs but sentences are often considered as meaningful combinations of signs. If meaning has to play a role, we are thus maybe in no better position than when dealing with identity criterion for propositions. In formal logic, one speaks rather about well-formed formulas, but closed formulas are called sentences because they are meaningful in the sense that they can be true or false. Formulas look better like mathematical objects than material inscriptions and equiformity does not seem to apply to t hem. Various congruencies can be considered as identities between formulas and in particular "to have the same logical form". One can say that the objects of study of logic are rather logical forms than sentences conceived as material inscriptions. 1. What is equiformity? Some logicians have rejected propositions in favour of sentences, arguing in particular that there is no satisfactory identity criterion for propositions (cf. Quine, 1970). But is there one for sentences? The idea that logic is about sentences rather than propositions and that sentences are nothing more that material inscriptions was already developed by Lesniewski, who also saw immediately the main difficulty of this conception and introduced the notion of equiformity to solve it. His attitude his well described in a footnote of one of Tarski’s famous early papers: As already explained, sentences are here regarded as material objects (inscriptions). (...) It is not always possible to form the implication of two sentences (they may occur in widely separated places). In order to simplify matters we have (...) committed an error; this consists in identifying equiform sentences (as S. Lesniewski calls them). This error can be removed by interpreting S as the set of all types of sentences (and not of sentences) and by modifying in an analogous manner the intuitive sense of other primitve concepts. In this connexion by the type of a sentence x we understand the set of all sentences which are equiform with x.

Orbital Engine Company

CASE STUDY: Orbital Engine Company CONTENT (1)Executive SummaryP. 3 (2)Introduction of Business BackgroundP. 4 (3)OEC’s objectiveP. 4 (4) Key issues HighlightsP. 5 4. 1Two Wise DecisionP. 5 4. 2Large Car Manufactures Appeared not ready to adopt OCP EnginesP. 5-6 4. 3 Marketing Lessons Can be Learned P. 6 4. 3. 1Marketing Mix and 4P sP. 6 4. 3. 2OEC’s Porter Five Forces P. 6 4. 3. 3Licensing and Joint VentureP. 7 (5) ConclusionP. 7 (6)ReferencesP. 8 (1)Executive Summary In this severe economic environment the management of time, in the meaning of the ability to pioneer the market with new products or services, becomes crucial. OEC was in the favourable position of being able to provide customer with solutions that incorporate the latest state of technology; however, OEC was slow reactions to shifts in customer needs and technological advancements which did not allow OEC to realize economies of speed, even though customers are willing to honour fast reactions with higher prices. Furthermore, being the first on the market with an innovative product creates a temporary monopoly and brand recognition. In this market situation the pioneering company is relatively free to set adequate prices in order to recover the usually considerable cost for research and development. Once other companies come up with similar products prices drop immediately, due to the increased competition. In this situation, it becomes much more difficult to repay investments in research and development. Finally, being innovate creates a positive image among customers and, thus, strengthens the competitive position of OEC in the marketplace. During the process, OEC had experienced the changes and made some wise decisions. OEC is a potential company which has a lot of opportunities to diversify its products in cope with the market change through licensing, joint venture and product diversification. According to Porter’s model, increased bargaining power of suppliers would lead to increased costs for major input factors, exerting heavy pressure on the critical success factor costs. This also enhanced bargaining power of customers requires companies to consider customer needs to a larger extent. Basically, the same effect derives from the increased rivalry of existing competitors within the same industry. The severe competitive situation is even enhanced as the higher probability of new entrants increases the demand for low costs, flexibility, and economies of time. Finally, the market implies an increased threat of substitutes. Thus, OEC needs to improve their cost and quality position in order to stay competitive. (2)Introduction of business background Orbital is an international developer of innovative technical solutions for a cleaner world. Orbital’s innovative design and its product development and operational improvement services are attracted to the world’s car makers and end users of engines. Orbital’s headquarter is based in Perth, Western Australia, and is traded on the Australian Stock Exchange (OEC). OEC is a pioneer for engine innovation that it keeps on trying to improve the product in cope with the market change and need. With its breakthrough of fuel injection and electronic combustion process (OCP) for two-stroke design, it benefits to both vehicles and engines becomes cheaper in price and lighter in weight, which leading to a big saving on the fuel consumption with lower emission levels. This report provides a discussion of the consequences of OEC’s marketing strategies and its activities that I think what OEC is making their wise decisions on, why has OEC failed to have its engine adopted by any major Car manufacturer at the time of the case, in spite of the engine having many apparent benefits, and what marketing lessons can be learned from the fact that some of OEC’s technology has been adopted by the makers of marine outboard motors in the US. At each point, I will give my recommendation and suggestion on the marketing point of views to help the company making decision. 3)OEC’s objective OEC’s key objective was to get the major car manufacturers in the US to adopt their new engine. (3) Key issues Highlights 3. 1Two Wise Decision (261) OEC had made at two wise decisions to get the major car manufacturers to adopt their new engine in the US. First of all, OEC developed a pricing policy for its intellectual property at the early stage tha t it built up a series of licence options for car manufacturers, such as General Motors, Ford, Fiat, Jaguar and Volkswagen to evaluate the technology and needs before converting into their final licence agreement. Kotler et al (2007, pp. 318, 590) mentioned that, â€Å"A method of entering a foreign market in which the company enters into an agreement with a licensee in the foreign market, offering the right to use a manufacturing process, trademark, patent, trade secret or other item of value for a fee or royalty†¦More and more for-profit and not-for-profit organisations are licensing their names to generate additional revenues and brand recognition. † This brand recognition of licensing became one of the key profit generators for OEC. Secondly, OEC made another wise decision on joint venture with Brunswick Corporation, the parent of Mercury Marine in January 1995, became METEOR. This joint venture helped to develop, manufacture, market and sell Orbtal’s SEFIS to the global market for low emission two stroke engines, which was threatened by the US anti-pollution regulations (ULEV). Kotler et al (2007, p. 591) advocated that, â€Å"The most common form of manufacturing-based entry into overseas markets for Australian firms is that of joint venturing. The local partner could provide access to the distribution network due to their knowledge with the local marketing environment while OEC brought in their joint venture technology and production know-how. Since the first step of joint venture, there were numerous of other joint ventures happening which helped OEC to push the two stroke engine to the market in cope with the US emission standard. 3. 2Large Car Manufactures Appeared not ready to adopt OCP Engines After discussing about the wise decisions, there were also obstacles for OEC to push their OCP engines into the large car manufactures. The core reason why OEC had failed to have its engine adopted by major car manufacturers was because OEC spent too much focus on R&D than really focusing on analyzing its product was able to be adopted or pushed to the market. The marketing mix was unclear and OEC was failed to identify car manufacturers’ concerns and their potential interest of products. This lack of knowledge of customers’ needs and wants was leading to the failure. The market need was four strokes and OEC focused on two strokes. Kotler et al. (2007, p. 239) stated that, â€Å"In order to design effective marketing mix strategies, the marketer must understand what factors within the organisation influence the purchase (or non-purchase) response of potential customers. † OEC should first create a need-satisfying market offering and then found out the real-value for their customers. In addition, Manley (1994, p. 66) asserted that, â€Å"Learning is a particularly critical for Orbital in the sense that the company was operating in a turbulent and complex environment as reflected in: emission legislation reviews begin undertaken internationally; the number of actors in the global car industry and structural changes in the industry caused by the changing nature of international competition. In response, the company’s innovation process exhibits orga nisational flexibility, anticipatory capabilities and responsiveness to change. â€Å" Because of the above, OEC was not able to sell its technology to those large car manufacturers at that moment. . 3Marketing Lessons Can be Learned From this case study, there are several marketing lessons can be learned, such as marketing mix and 4Ps, Porter Five Forces, Licensing, and Joint Venture. 3. 3. 1Marketing Mix and 4Ps OEC had spent a lot of time and money on R&D on OCP and which neglected to understand what the customers’ need and want which is difficult to position the company to the targeted segmentation and its market. Because of that, OEC almost risked themselves into bankruptcy before 1989 if they could not gain the financial support from BHP and Australia Government. It is essential to under customers’ wants and need and then market the right product, right place, right promotion and right price. 3. 3. 2OEC’s Porter Five Forces According to this concept, the intensity of competition in an industry is rooted in its underlying economic structure (Porter Strategy 1998, pp. 3). This structure is expressed by five basic competitive forces which determine the ultimate profit potential of the respective industry. The five competitive forces are threat of new entrants, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers, and intensity of rivalry. As of June 1994, OEC already had acquired 854 patents and its applications, but it sat on it without further development which missed out a lot of business opportunities as a pioneer in the market. Kotler et al. (2007, p. 101) asserted that, â€Å"The implication is that the firm should influence the balance of forces through strategic moves, thereby strengthening the firm’s position. Alternatively, the strategists might reposition the firm so that its capabilities factors underlying the forces and respond to them, thus exploiting change by choosing a strategy appropriate to the new competitive balance before competitors recognise it. 3. 3. 3Licensing and Joint Venture Through OEC’s success in licensing and joint venture, it gave the company a business breakthrough to position themselves in a strong market place. Most of its earnings from OEC is from licensing, development and supply agreements. In addition, investing and expanding the business in foreign countries, th ere are various laws and regulations that investors should pay highly attentions, and thus, cooperating with a joint venture company locally would be the most fast and easier way to explore the market; especially OEC has its technology know-how. 6) Conclusion To conclude, in this report, I have shown the effects of OEC’s marketing strategies on both wise and failure decision. These effects mainly consist of substantial alteration of the competitive environment in the form of unclear industry boundaries, increased rivalry, and a reduced relevance of traditional success factors. With the strategic marketing concept, it enables OEC to compete successfully in this altered economic environment. 7)References Kotler, P. , Brown L. , Adam S. , Burton S, Armstrong G. , (2007), Marketing 7th Edn, Pearson Education, Australia. Manley, K. J. , 1994, Factors Leading to Offshore Manufacture of Australian Inventions: The case of The Orbital Combustion Process Engine, Murdoch University, Wes tern Australia. Porter, M. E. : ‘Competitive Advantage. Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance’, 2nd Ed. , New York et al: The Free Press 1998.

AP Euro DBQ Essay examples - 780 Words

Unit 2 DBQ: Discuss the extent to which the religious schism during the sixteenth century was symptomatic of political, social, and economic problems. The religious schism took place in the 16th century, mainly between the Catholic Church and Protestants. During these times, many changes were brought forth to Europe during this schism. Although the religious schism brought forth an age of Reformation of the Catholic church, the religious schism started wars, revolts across Germany following the teachings of Luther, and the struggle for power between Catholicism and Protestantism. The religious schism began because of the making of Protestantism. The Catholic Church was corrupted in many ways, for example, the selling of†¦show more content†¦He stated that the bible had nothing to do with earthly justice. In the HRE, the church officials viewed the spread of Protestantism in Germany (which they viewed as heresy) was causing the rebellion to happen. As Michael Eisenhart is possibly a church official and views the rebellion as a part of Protestantism’s teaching. â€Å"†¦through certain citizens here who adhere to the heresy of Luther, it has come about that bad, false teaching has greatly got the upper hand.†(Doc 5) The church viewed this event as an event caused because of the teaching of a â€Å"heretic.† In the end, the nobles crushed the rebellion and killed about seventy five thousand peasants. This event strengthened the strength of nobles and Protestantism lost its appeal in the lower classes. However, Protestantism continued to spread to areas in Europe. Other types of churches were made that was similar to Lutherism but different in ways of their own. For example, the Calvinists believed that no matter what people do, God has already decided their fate. One of the churches of Protestantism is the Anglican church. It was made by King Henry VIII, after the pope refused annulment from his wife. In the Act of Supremacy, English Parliament in 1534, Parliament, influenced by the monarchy and declared, â€Å"...that the king, our sovereign lord, his heir and successors, kings of this realm, shall be taken, accepted and reputed the only supreme head in earth of the Church of England, called AnglicansShow MoreRelatedAp Euro Witchcraft Dbq1133 Words   |  5 PagesWitchcraft DBQ (Many of the people who were persecuted as witches from the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries were those of a seemingly inferior mindset, those who are blamed for problems in the community and those who were social outcasts.) This time period occurred throughout the Protestant, Catholic and Scientific revolutions. The victims of the witch trials were usually persecuted in Europe as a whole however focused on areas like South Western Europe. Witches were usually people who wereRead MoreAp Euro Calendar Dbq Essay1032 Words   |  5 PagesExplain the reasons for the adoption of a new calendar in revolutionary France and analyze reactions to it in the period 1789 to 1806. The adoption of the revolutionary calendar to replace the Gregorian calendar took place on November 24, 1793 by the National Convention. This new calendar lasted until Napoleon I abolished it in 1806. The new calendar was a adopted in revolutionary France for many reasons including secular ideas and political reasons. There were also many reactions to the changeRead MoreDbq Ap Euro Peasents Essay1358 Words   |  6 PagesBroderick Haney AP Euro Period: 1 14 September 2012 The Progressive Peasant Revolution Inhabiting the Holy Roman Empire in the 16th century, the upper class considered peasants a mere subhuman. Conversely, Martin Luther, a German professor of theology, influenced reformation to the German state. This reformation focused on the peasants, especially the peasant revolt of 1524. As the revolution continued, the Peasant Parliament formed to coordinate activates and strive for optimistic resultsRead MoreAp Euro Dutch Republic Dbq1220 Words   |  5 PagesDutch Republic DBQ In the 17th century, the Dutch Republic experienced a Golden Age and was able to maintain security, unity, and prosperity in its society and economy. The nation was considered a leading power, especially in trade and ideas, within Europe. However, it was not long before circumstances changed and the state face many problems establishing peace and agreement. By the end of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th centuries, there had been a significant change in the Dutch Republic’sRead MoreWitch Craze Dbq Ap Euro Essay1431 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the late fifteenth through the seventeenth centuries, thousands of individuals were persecuted as witches. 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Although the huge population growth in Manchester in the 1800s, delighted many people, for they though this had led to advances in manufacturing and other industries-the increaseRead More2002 Ap Euro Dbq: Manchester Essay1067 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Industrialization on Manchester, England 1750-1850 England in the 18th and 19th centuries changed dramatically as a result of the Industrial Revolution, which had many effects on the social structure of England and increased the gap between the rich and the poor. Because of this, industrialized English towns such as Manchester were both criticized and admired by poets, politicians, journalists, and outsiders, who were particularly from France. The most powerful points of view wereRead MoreMartin Luther Dbq-Ap European History1053 Words   |  5 PagesJustine Chapel November 19, 2012 AP Euro P3 Martin Luther DBQ By the 1500’s many issues shows signs of disorder within the Church. The idea of selling indulgences (forgiveness for sin) for clergy benefit began to negatively spread throughout the people, along with opposition to pluralism (holding more than one office). This sparked many attempts to reform the church through individual groups, one of which being the Brotherhood of Common Life. One of their accomplishments was starting schools for

Barriers to Effective Communication - 2391 Words

Barriers to Great Communication There are seven types of Barriers to Communication. Many people think that communicating is easy. It is after all something we do all our lives. There is some truth in this view. Communicating is straightforward. What makes it complex, difficult, and frustrating are the barriers we put in the way. Physical barriers Physical barriers in the workplace include: marked out territories, empires and fiefdoms into which strangers are not allowed closed office doors, barrier screens, and separate areas for people of different status large working areas or working in one unit that is physically separate from others. Research shows that one of the most important factors in building cohesive teams is proximity. As†¦show more content†¦It is both refusals to be in touch and time alone. Rituals are meaningless, repetitive routines devoid of real contact. Pastimes fill up time with others in social but superficial activities. Working activities are those tasks which follow the rules and procedures of contact but no more. Games are subtle, manipulative interactions which are about winning and losing. They include rackets and stamps†. Closeness is the aim of interpersonal contact where there is a high level of honesty and acceptance of yourself and others. Working on improving your communication s is a broad- brush activity. You have to change your thoughts, your feelings, and your physical connections. That way, you can break down the barriers that get in your way and start building relationships that really work. Barriers to Effective Communication Workplace communication is not easy. This is a place where you meet people from different walks of life and also from different cultural background. Language is one of the major barriers to e Communication is a process by which you convey your message to someone or a group of people. And if the message is conveyed clearly and unambiguously, then it is known as effective communication. In effective communication, the message you had send would reach the receiver with very little distortion. However, a communication becomes successful only if the receiver understandsShow MoreRelatedBarriers to Effective Communication1654 Words   |  7 PagesBarriers to Effective Communications Everyone has experienced, at one time or another the frustration of feeling misunderstood and being unable to make ourselves understood by another person. Anything which, blocks the meaning of a communication, is a barrier to communication. Effective communication is like a house built one block at a time. First to build a house trust must be built; trust is not a group process it is created in one to one connections with each individual. 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The better the communication in the workplace the better the relationships with each other. In this article I will help you to understand the processes needed in order to have effective communication in the workplace. I will discuss the importance of effective communication, theRead MoreBarriers to Effective Communication2071 Words   |  9 PagesTable of Contents What barriers to effective communication do you detect in this case? 2 Perception barrier 2 Personal barrier 3 Information overload / Work overload 3 Gender barrier 4 Language barrier - Ambiguity 4 Is anyone wrong in this situation? By what other means could Randell have requested the information from Tom Ballard? What do you think of Tom Ballard’s reaction? 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The main target of communicational process is transmission of information when the sending party wants the recipient to decode the message in the same way as it is coded. Nevertheless, the communicational process consists of the various components that may become the

Is Euthanasia Be A Morally Permissible Action - 957 Words

With this paper I plan to address the topic of euthanasia. I will cover the philosophy behind why it is not a regular practice, and differentiate between multiple forms. After introducing the issue, itself I will speak briefly on the legality of the issue. This should result in the principles of myself, Peter Singer, Don Marquis, and Michael Tooley all being brought together in this discussion. Ultimately, I will lead this discussion into the direction of why I have found euthanasia to be a morally permissible action. Why do we find the action of taking an innocent life to be morally wrong? Typically, it is the fact that what we are taking away from the person in question is their autonomy. Don Marquis, a philosophy professor of the University of Kansas, calls every action that a person can take from one point of time to a later time the â€Å"Future of value† that a person has. Taking away the future of value of a person, destroys who they are. This coupled with a few other reasons is why we view the action of voluntary euthanasia as an evil. Voluntary euthanasia, also known as physician-assisted suicide is the direct action taken by doctors to provide patients a clear way to end their own life; it is simple and humane. Then we must ask what if the person in question has no future of value. When patients suffering from terminal illness are given the news that within a short period of time they will die, the largest portion of destruction has already happened. Their entireShow MoreRelatedEu thanasia Is Morally Permissible?850 Words   |  4 PagesEuthanasia, as defined by many philosophers, should only be morally permissible in certain circumstances where it benefits the one who dies. It is a widely held belief that an act of euthanasia aims at benefiting the one who dies. Using Kantian ethics as a model, one can determine that: It is morally permissible to engage in voluntary acts of euthanasia; it is morally permissible to engage in acts of nonvoluntary euthanasia, and; it is never morally permissible to engage in acts of involuntary euthanasiaRead MoreEuthanasia Often Surfaces In Mainstream News As Being A1238 Words   |  5 PagesEuthanasia often surfaces in mainstream news as being a highly controversial issue, with strong arguments for both positions. To be clear, euthanasia can be defined as the following, â€Å"Intentionally taking the life of a presumably hopeless person† (Gay-Williams, 781). There are also several other distinctions that classify eut hanasia as either active or passive, based on the level of action involved, or as voluntary, involuntary, or non-voluntary, based on the level of consent (Dittmer). 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Philosophers such as Phillipa Foot, believes that there is a morally relevant difference between killing and letting die, however the case she presents is not as easy to influence as is James Rachels’ argument in â€Å"Active and Passive Euthanasia.† In opposition to Foot, Rachels creates the argument that there is not a morally relevant distinctionRead MoreWhy Physician Assisted Suicide ( Pas ) Should Be Considered Morally Okay949 Words   |  4 PagesWhy Physician Assisted Suicide (PAS) Should be Considered Morally Okay Physician assisted suicide (PAS), a widely controversial topic, has two apparent sides. Those who oppose the morality of PAS, and see deep rooted problems, and those who see PAS as beneficial and support the morality. With this issue gaining publicity, it is important to explore and examine exactly why allowing PAS would ultimately be beneficial to us all. 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There are different types of euthanasia; voluntary, when the person who is killed has requested to be killed. Involuntary euthanasia is when the person who is killed made no request or gave no consent, Assisted suicide is when someone provides an individual with the information, guidance, and means to

Dancing with the North Stars free essay sample

â€Å"Wait a second! Is that our number?† Jackson nodded and we high-fived each other. My first ballroom dance competition was the first time I realized that I was really as good as I said I was. I found out that the most important thing in dancing was to be confident, or act confident. Acting was crucial. It all started around 6 a.m. I didn’t go to school that day so I could prepare. The coach bus would leave the studio at 2 p.m. So I had several hours to pack. I wasn’t going to be competing that Friday afternoon, but I was still exited beyond belief. My mom braided my hair and we drove to the studio to catch the coach bus. I spent the whole ride listening to my iPod and going over the dance steps in my head. Thus, the ride dragged on for an hour and a half. Finally, we arrived at the Shakopee ballroom. It was a huge room that reminded me of a cave. The ceiling was covered with some sort of brown shag carpet. I assumed it was to keep the loud music from getting out. It actually looked like a cave, and had an intimidating quality to it. I watched the other dancers perform for several hours, then I finally picked up a program. It actually looked more like a notebook and had over twenty pages. The cover said â€Å"Star Of The North State Games, Dancesport Competition.† I quickly flipped through it and noticed that all the dances were separated into 2 minute segments called heats. Then I read something that kind of scared me. My partner, Jackson, and I would be competing in American style tango, which was something we had never learned. We found our teacher and pulled her aside. She gave us a quick lesson but I still didn’t feel prepared. My partner Jackson was shorter than me. What a big surprise! (sarcasm) He wasn’t shorter by much. He had close cropped hair that stuck straight up like the bristles of a brush. His competing clothes were for a funeral. They were all black and made the cavern like room seem ever more gloomy. On Saturday I woke up at 4 a.m. and my mom, who was a chaperone, began the slow and sometimes painful process of fixing my hair. This routine was fairly familiar. First my mom would push, pull and comb my hair into a bun, using bobby pins, combs and hairnets. Then she loads it down with hairspray and unbelievable amounts of gel. When that dries, it becomes as hard as a rock. The last step is to attach decorative fake flowers with even more bobby pins. Our first scheduled dance was in heat 33 at nine o’clock. By the time that rolled around, remarkably, I still wasn’t nervous at all. First it was east coast swing, then rumba. Unfortunately, those were the ones I despised the most. What a way to start! I thought miserably. We lined up at the gate with the other competitors, to enter the floor. The announcer began to speak. â€Å"Heat numbers 33 and 34, amateur American rumba and amateur new comers swing semi-finals. American rhythm division. Presenting couple 101, Eric Almeida and Robin Shaw, couple 124 Jackson Davidson and Kelly Howell†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and so on. As each dance couple walked onto the floor he said the names and numbers. The music started and we waited for the tempo to pick up speed. Then we were dancing our hearts out. My feet, clad in two and a half inch heels seemed to barely touch the floor they were moving so fast. I smiled at the audience and the judges. Despite all the times I mixed up, I was havin g fun. Afterwards, I decided that I had done horribly and nothing could change my mind about that fact. My friends insisted that I had done well. But I still hoped the judges hadn’t been watching too closely. We danced in many more heats for American rhythm including Cha cha, swing and rumba. That made it all the way to 9:22. I was exhausted and sat down with a bottle of water, reviewing all my mistakes in my mind. It’s a miracle I didn’t trip somebody I thought half heartedly grinning. My friend again insisted I had done great but I wasn’t so sure. I waited in agony until the awards ceremony at noon. All the dancers were asked to come out onto the dance floor. Why bother? I thought as I followed Jackson onto the floor anyway. We stayed in the back of the crowd. The announcer began to speak and the judges handed out medals one by one. It seemed like everyone had won something but us, I rolled my eyes in anticipation. Then he got to our division. I held my breath. â€Å"Heat number 33!† he boomed into the microphone. â€Å"In first place east coast swing we have couple 124!† All was silent for a moment. I let out a great whoosh of breath I had been holding. â€Å"Wait a second!† I said â€Å"Isn’t that our number?† Jackson nodded. We high-fived each other and made our way to the front to accept our totally awesome gold medals, and 50 dollar scholarships. Much to my surprise and delight, we had to stay up there for almost the whole ceremony because we just kept winning. We won first in swing twice, first in cha cha once, along with a 3rd and 5th. In rumba, we got first once and 5th three times. Looking at the program later I realized that all the times our place had fallen below 3rd, we had been against people two levels higher than us. The smooth dance portion of the competition was about begin. It was 2:00 p.m. and heat number 169 came up. We glided across the floor like a boat on a calm sea as we danced American waltz. We made our movement sharp in American tango, in foxtrot we stayed on our toes. By the time we were done dancing my shoes were biting into my heals and my feet hurt! A great dancer once said  ¦ Dancers are the only athletes who arent allowed to show how much it hurts. And boy was I living those words right now! The two and a half inch heels were a torture device. But through all the cortes and feather steps I survived. We made it to finals six times, half in the higher levels. And several more medals came our way for a grand total of five gold, six silver, and two bronze along with two fifty dollar scholarships and several certificates for 4th and 5th place. That was the day that my confidence in dancing soared to epic proportions and I realized that my dream of becoming a great dancer was close r than I thought.

Internationalization and Cultural Implications for Joint Ventures in Saudi Arabia

Introduction Brief Overview of the Topic In this literature review, it is necessary to consider the connection between internationalization and cultural implications for joint ventures in Saudi Arabia. This question is especially urgent nowadays due to the process of integration and cross-cultural communication.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Internationalization and Cultural Implications for Joint Ventures in Saudi Arabia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Due to the fact that the prevalent form of international business in Saudi Arabia is joint ventures, it is really significant for companies in Saudi Arabia, particular for the industrialization process because it provides immediate access to modern technologies and offers wider opportunities for the development and advancement of human resources (Mababaya, 2003a, p. 157). The increased interest in business operations in Saudi Arabia can be explained by the emerging opportunity for foreign investors to participate in the Kingdom’s industrial ventures. But what is more important is that international business relations are enhanced by Saudi’s impressive track records, respect for traditions and history, and international law (Mababaya, 2003a, p. 157). Hence, Saudi Arabia is considered to be an ideal place for creating joint ventures in cooperation with foreign investors due to many reasons, apart from the presence of abundant hydrocarbon resources. Importance of Literature Review for the Proposal Despite the fact that the country’s culture is homogeneous to some extent, Saudi people, particularly the representatives of young generations, have experience in cooperating with business partners from other cultures. Before the oil was discovered, Saudi Arabia has low rates of production and the core business operations were focused on trading (Katz, 2007). The commercial culture, therefore, assist them in becoming s hrewd bargainers. Hence, due to the process of globalization and internationalization, cultural environment of Saudi Arabia has become really significant for other cultures. World market, therefore, is now more concerned with internationalization and cultural influence of the Middle East. In this research proposal, it is necessary to examine the core cultural implications for joint ventures in Saudi Arabia. The literature review presented below will prove that integration of cultural issues into the international business is very important, both for Saudi Arabia and for the foreign investors.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Literature Review Cultural Features of Saudi Arabia and Importance of Culture for International Cooperation In order to understand the process of globalization and cultural concerns related to it, it is necessary to study the peculiarities of Sau di cultures and traditions, particularly people’s strict adherence to them. Indeed, the mentality and history of the Saudi community should be taken in the deepest consideration. The importance of culture for the Saudi people and business world is proved by the researches presented below. Hence, Moran et al. (2007) has identified that â€Å"Arabs are people of great emotions and sentimentality – and sometimes of excess and extremes. They hold in high regard friendship, loyalty, and justice, and, when events and behavior go against that sense of justice, they will likely to be morally outrages and indignant† (p. 339). All those features play a significant in building successful business relations, but still one should not adhere to the presented stereotypes to a full extent. Walker et al. (2003) also agree with the assumption that cultural aspects should be carefully treated when it comes to the Middle East world. The researchers believe that the process of Weste rnization is rigidly confronted in Saudi Arabia, but this relates to Western culture only. In other words, Saudi culture reflects the ideas of accepting Western technology without impregnating Western culture and ideology. In particular, the Arabs â€Å"are opposed to Western cultural influences, seeing them as corrupting and debasing and potentially undermining their religious, ethnic and tribal heritage† (Walker, 2003, p. 96). This opposition proves that the importance of culture can only be conceived on the rise of the globalization process. The studies performed by Oxford Business Group (2008) have revealed that all issues connected with cooperation and trading in Saudi Arabia is closely related to Islam. It implies that all business transactions and joint ventures are initially based on conservative approaches to building relations. Hence, older generations of the Arab world adheres to strict social codes and discourages the participation of women in managing and conclud ing business agreements. At the same time, the research has also revealed that younger generations have different views on cultural issues. Like Walker et al. (2003) and Moran et al. (2007), Mead and Andrews (2009) have attached importance to culture and religion in international cooperation with Saudi Arabia with the emergence of joint ventures. In particular, extreme conservatism of Saudi community still opposes to Westernization due to rigid loyalty to traditions and moral codes. In this regard, the management and human resource management system is not subjected to cultural democratization and socialization (Meat and Andrews, 2005, p. 74). Shoult (2006) has also conducted research on joint ventures and importance of Saudi culture for establishing successful cooperation. In particular, the author notes that â€Å"if its performance has failed quickly to reach the Saudi partners’ expectations, it may even find itself treated as a distressed department of their own establis hment† (Shoult, 2006, p.169). The knowledge of the Arab mentality and psychology is paramount for foreign partners to organize successful joint ventures.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Internationalization and Cultural Implications for Joint Ventures in Saudi Arabia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One way or another, it is essential to have an enthusiastic and creative Saudi partner who is willing to cooperate. Arising from this fact, Mababaya (2003b) has found that the failure of leading British company to establish successful relations lies in their feeble attempt to understand cultural specifics of the Middle East world. Ignoring cultural context, the companies failed to cope with emerging problems. Other researchers (Onkvisit and Shaw, 2008; Broways and Price, 2008) also agree with the idea that a cross-cultural factor should be a priority to the Western partners if they plan to organize a j oint venture in Saudi Arabia. In particular, they should know the specifics of working hours and holiday differences. The author also examines the secrets of successful communication where a foreign partner should spend a considerable amount of time before proceeding with business issues. Onkvisit and Shaw (2008) state that trust is the basis of all business operations and a necessary condition for all joint ventures. In general, the above-presented studies reveal several important facts about the Middle East world and Saudi Arabia in particular. First of all, the Arab people attach much attention to friendship and justice and have a great respect to older generations. Due to the fact that these people are of great sentimentality, they value a respectful and punctual attitude to them. In business operations, they greatly oppose to the Westernization process and participation of women. Finally, they give credit to Islam and believe that trust is the basis of a successful cooperation. All these factors should be carefully tackled if foreign partners want to establish favorable relations with the Arab people. Influence of Internationalization on Joint Ventures in Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia is known as the main world producer of oil and, therefore, it plays a huge role in oil market (Cordesman, 2003, p. 473). Supplying about 95 % of oil, Saudi Aramco provides strong strategic privilege to the country as well as international flexibility and acceptance among other world producers (Cordesman, 2003, p. 473). The process of internalization that has penetrated to the country has given rise to the country’s cultural recognition and compromise on the part of leading world producers. Judging from the above-presented facts, it should be assumed that the process of internalization has increased the importance of the Arab culture and has introduced the Middle East on the world arena. On the one hand, it granted brilliant opportunities for the country’s developme nt. On the other hand, the country has faced serious multicultural and international issues that are hard to overcome.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The process of globalization has greatly contributed to the advancement of economy in Saudi Arabia. Import and export activities carried out by family business houses haves changed their course to global business operations. As a result the world has recognized such international enterprises as SABIC, Kingdom Holding, and ARAMCO (Ali, 2008, p. 227). In addition, the membership the WTO has also enables the country to advance their health care systems and improve the diary industry. According to Ali (2008), â€Å"globalization is more than business involvement and that the latter should not be divorced from its political and environmental concerns† (p. 227). Ramady (2010) underlines the direct dependence of cultural concerns from globalization. With regard with this, the formation of an appropriate business and cultural environment is crucial for the Arab world to meet the challenges of Westernization. In his studies, the author insists on the idea that the major outcome of glo balization is increasing concerns with preserving culture and religion and protecting them from outer invasion. Therefore, although the process of internationalization providers wider opportunities for the economic development but creates challenges for traditions, ethnicity, religions, and moral codes. Aulakh and Schetchter (2000) have also provided evidence for ideological and cultural influence of globalization on Saudi Arabia and other countries with promising perspectives. The authors provide arguments concerning the role of the countries involved in the process of globalization pertained to economic and cultural areas. Analyzing the studies presented by Ramady (2010) and Aulakh and Schetchter (2000), the process of globalization is also greatly influenced by the Middle East world whose traditions and customs are considered by other world agents structuring the stages of internationalization. This point of view is also supported by Fox et al. (2006) who underline a huge role of the Middle East in forming the process of internalization. Shifts in Culture Being the Result of Business Cooperation between the Western World and Saudi Arabia A great number of studies have been devoted to multinational business operations all over the world, but few of them are connected with Saudi Arabia. Both foreign visitors and investors of Saudi joint ventures, and the Arabians should find a compromise in cooperating and building favorable business relations at the international level. But the main task of this literature review is to analyze what how international culture influences the creation of joint industries in Saudi Arabia with regard to the Arab culture, religion, and firmly established traditions. In studies presented by Moran et al. (2007), the researchers examine the cultural effects that the process of Westernization has on Saudi managers, which make them less paternalistic (p. 339). The scholars have also underscored that the increasing tendency in creating t raining programs in Saudi Arabia being the result of its cooperation with the United States. The rapid integration of the Arab world to the international arena has led to rapid shifts in the Arab culture in terms of business operations and management. In particular, the country has faced a rigorous competition and increasing standards that resulted in some changes. Rao (2001) in his studies of the globalization process emphasizes that lack of understanding of cross cultural relations and diversity can result in a serious failure to interact with the trading partners. The same concerns the Middle East world whose specific culture should be adjusted to the international culture and, vice versa, Western world should be more sensitive to Saudi managers and businessmen whose language involves both verbal and non-verbal communication (Rao, 2001, p. 154). Studies by Adekola and Sergi (2007) also contribute to understanding cross-cultural relations between Saudi Arabia and other cultures. I n particular, they investigate what the opportunities that the international business has created for the Arab worlds, how Western countries treat the Arab culture, and why cultural implications are tangible for the Arab community. The rise of globalization has influenced many industrial areas of Saudi Arabia, particularly its dairy production. After the country has jointed the World Trade Organization, it has received access to free trade and many other benefits such as reduced tariffs, and the rise of joint venture organization with other foreign partners. Fenn (1994) has conducted an independent research where the scholar has defined the specifics of carrying out business in Saudi Arabia. While discussing the peculiarities of Saudi culture and its influence on the international business, Fenn (1994) introduces some recommendations for foreign investors to follow before penetrating to the Arab world. Studying the findings carefully, it is possible to admit that the Saudi managers have certain cultural rules which make women’s intervention problematic. This factor plays a huge role in business relations, specifically in the international world where both men and women have equal opportunities for self-realization. Like Fenn, Mead (2005) insists on the fact that the process of internationalization implies â€Å"the free movement of political, economic, and cultural resources between countries, each society influencing and being influenced by every other society† (p.72). The problem is that Western values still dominate on the world arena of business and commerce. This particularly concerns the United States that propagandize their cultural and politics, which is often perceived as an assault of other cultures and economies. Kangari and Lucas (1997) have also admitted the fact that the discovery of oil in Saudi Arabia has imposed a cultural change on the Arab world. The Kingdom has been forced to adapt to abrupt shifts in culture to advance Saudi industries and economies. According to the scholars, â€Å"rapid progress in the material sense has resulted in a sort of cultural backlash, and old traditions have been strengthened† (Kangari and Lucas, 1997, p. 42). With regard to those dramatic changes, they consider it necessary to work our important strategies for dealing with cultural shifts for the Middle East world to adjust to a new cultural background. One of the best strategies proposed is avoiding conflicts and preserving neutrality in business world. A thorough consideration of cultural effects on joint ventures in Saudi Arabia leads to an assumption that Western and Eastern worlds have rigid differences in conducting business. Nevertheless, a compromise should be reached to succeed in advancing international business. Conclusion Although the culture of Saudi Arabia is homogeneous, the country’s population, particularly the younger generations, are experienced enough in cooperating with foreign business pa rtners. Before the discovery of oil in Saudi Arabia, it has insignificant rates of production and the main focus was made on commercial operations. However, this trading culture has played a decisive role in establishing relations with other countries and leading producers. With regard to this the process of globalization has considerably influenced the cultural environment of Saudi Arabia is carefully considered by other world agents. What is more important is that the Middle East world has faced with cross-cultural challenges as well. In this literature review, we have found that much research has been made on studying the peculiarities of the Arab cultures and how it affects the global communities. However, little concern has been revealed concerning how the Saudi people deal with those challenges and who they adjust to the process of Westernization. In addition, the literature has also disclosed the problem of inability of foreign partners to conceive the specifics of business r elations with Saudi Arabia, including their cultural values, religion issues, and important customs. Arising from the above-presented considerations, a golden medium should be found between economic development, cultural aspects, and internalization to build successful joint ventures in Saudi Arabia. Reference List Adekola, A. amd Sergi, B. (2007). Global business management: a cross-cultural perspective. US: Ashgate Publishing. Ltd. Ali, A. (2008). Business and management environment in Saudi Arabia: challenges and opportunities for multinational corporations. US: Taylor Francis. Aulakh, P. S., and Schetchter, M. G. (2000). Rethinking globalization(s): from corporate transnationalism to local interventions. US: Palgrave Macmillan. Browaeys, M.-J., and Price R. (2008). Understanding Cross-cultural management. US: Pearson Education. Cordesman, A. H. (2003) Saudi Arabia enters the 21st century. US: Greenwood Publishing Group. Fenn, D. (1994, January). Saudi Arabia: Veiled Opportuniti es. U. S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration. 16(1) Fox, J. W., Mourtada-Sabbah, and al-Mutawa, M. (2006). Globalization and the Gulf. US: Taylor Francis. Kangari, R. and Lucas, C. L. (1997). Managing international operations: a guide for engineers, architects, and construction managers. US: Publications. Katz, L. (2007). Negotiating International Business. US: Booksurge Publishing Mababaya, M. P. (2003a). The Role of Multinational Companies in the Middle East: The Case of Saudi Arabia. US: Universal-Publishers. Mababaya, M. P. (2003b). International Business in a Strange Cultural Environment. US: Universal-Publishers. Mead, R. (2005). International management: cross cultural dimensions. US: Willey-Blackwell. Mead, R., and Andrews, T. G. (2009). International Management. US: John Wiley and Sons. Moran, R. T., Harris, P. R., Moran, S. V. (2007). Managing cultural differences global leadership strategies for the 21st century. US: Butterworth-Heinemann. Onkvisi t, S. and Shaw, J. J. (2008). International Marketing: Strategy and Theory. US: Taylor Francis. Oxford Business Group (2008). The Report: Saudi Arabia: 2008. UK: Oxford Business Group. Ramady, M. A. (2010). The Saudi Arabian Economy: Policies, Achievements, and Challenges. US: Springer. Rao, C. P. (2001). Globalization and its managerial implications. US: Greenwood Publishing Group. Shoult, A. (2006). Doing business with Saudi Arabia. US: GMB Publishing Ltd. Walker, D. M., Walker, T. D. and Schmitz, J. T. (2003). Doing business internationally: the guide to cross-cultural success. US: McGraw-Hill Professional. This research paper on Internationalization and Cultural Implications for Joint Ventures in Saudi Arabia was written and submitted by user Raquel Wilder to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.