Virtual police department

Introduction A virtual police is a national policing intelligence unit which is responsible for combating crimes (Jenkins 66). The unit also investigates and addresses issues that are causing unrest to the population.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Virtual police department specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More History This policing unit is believed to have started some years back. It is suggested that, the unit has been in existence for almost 55 years. The farmers decided to come together and form a police unit that will keep a watch in the county. The unit had different departments upon which the responsibilities were allocated. These departments were organized and managed by the farmers who first gained access to the unit. The unit had its systems of making laws where specialists in law were allocated this responsibility. The existing farmers started bringing their friends on board where they were to work as con stables in the department. They were hired on the basis of whom you know basis but not on merit basis. The move was locking out competent individuals who could have filled the strategic positions in the department. The unit had not gained acceptance from the state police until some years back when the state recognized it. The acceptance brought to an end friction which was in existence between the virtual police and the state police. It is estimated that 20 years down the line, the state police has gained confidence about the validity of the unit. They have started interacting in their operations with an aim of promoting peace and security. Beginning of issues According to history, some of the constables in the unit were recruited by their farmer friends. Some of these inexperienced constables were entrusted with duties of running the department. This set in a number of issues which since then had affected the department to greater heights. To start with, the presence of these const ables changed how the laws were made and implemented in the department. Before, laws were made and enforced by experienced staffs but the newly hired staffs had no experience in law making process and subsequently enforcing. This led to primitive ways of enforcing the laws. Secondly, a change on how the department was run contributed addition issues. In general, the change ways of running the department and enforcement of laws, has created a highway for perpetrating corruption. The officers became continually corrupt especially in the cities where the unit’s police were deployed to take control. They used to harass individuals with an aim of extorting money inform of bribes. This blurred the image of the unit to an extent it was disrespected by the state.Advertising Looking for report on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, the officers were not subjected to a formal education which could have improved their way of living. Those responsible with encouraging the formal education frustrated the move instead. This took another direction since 1990s where the constables were recommended to pursue certain courses at least to gain knowledge in that field. This was considered an effective tool suitable to transform the officers. The history of the department has continued to bring more and more issues. Since its inception, the department has been sourcing its officials from within the unit. It is apparent that, individuals from outside the department were not recruited to the unit. This has not only denied some capable individuals a chance to the department, but also has marked unfair representation of the community. Organization and management of the department The whole virtue police department is headed by the chief of police. Under the chief of police, there exist subordinates such as chief of internal affairs, chief of staff and legal advisor. They are directly linked to the chief of police and work together to ensure proper execution of duties by reporting to the chief issues arising from their respective areas. They also communicate to other subordinates any information from the chief of police. Further, the department is composed of two commands which are each headed by the deputy chief. These commands are namely the operations and administration commands. The operation command consists of many and diverse sub divisions which make it to be extremely large compared to the administration command. Some of the operation command’s sub divisions are the northern and southern district patrols which are the patrol platoons, the criminal investigation bureau which has numerous categories compared to other areas, and the special operations bureau with its allied sections. On the other hand, the administration command is composed of a number of layers such as human resource, management services, and the IT management bureaus. The bureaus are heade d by captains. In addition, the respective bureaus are composed of divisions which are headed by the lieutenants. The captains oversee the operations of the bureaus and also act as a link between the respective commands and the divisions. The lieutenants oversee the operations of their respective divisions and also acting as the link between the bureaus and the sections. The interrelation among the bureaus, divisions and the sections makes the operations to be decisively allocated. But, the department experiences some problems because the operations are not adequately addressed.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Virtual police department specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Changes to the department The department has been organized in a manner that its activities are not properly and adequately executed and addressed. For example, the operation command has many layers which frustrate the allocation of resources. Fur ther, to manage the entire operation command is cumbersome compared to the administration command which has little layers. In order to improve the overall operation and performance of the department, reorganization can be a possible remedy. To suggest, the operation command should be split into separate entities upon which the functions should be categorically arranged in manageable proportions. Demographic differences in the agency and the department According to a survey conducted, it is obvious that the agency is not reflective of the community (American Community Survey 2-6). The survey discloses the population of the agency to be dominated by females at 50.9% compared to males standing at 49.1%. From 2005 to 2008 when the survey was conducted, it is very clear that there had been violation in the way the community is represented within the department. For instance in 2005, the five races which were included in the survey shown that there was violation of community representatio n. The department had a number of ranks composed of either sworn personnel or non sworn personnel. The chiefs and deputy chiefs, captains and lieutenants, sergeants and corporals, and the officers comprised the sworn personnel. Executives, professionals, technicians and clericals comprised the non sworn personnel. The survey shown that, the Caucasian had a high number of representations compared to other races. This was the case even in the subsequent years both in male and female representation. In addition, despite the percentage of females being high at 50.1%, they are not adequately represented. In 2005, the male representation was more than 60% compared to less than 35% for females. This took the platform throughout the survey. To add on this, Asian is thinly represented in the agency with some instances recording 0%. This is both the males and the females. Notably, a regard is not paid to the Asian females when reflecting to the community. Strategies to make the agency reflect ive of the community The community needs to be adequately represented in the agency. For this to be achieved, the agency should implement some strategies directed at addressing the community representation. To start with, the agency should ensure that, the sworn personnel’s positions should are divided among the diverse races on merit basis.Advertising Looking for report on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The agency should avoid bringing on board the superiors from only one race because of popularity. Secondly, females are thinly accepted in the agency thus leading to their reduced figure. Since the female population is high as compared to males, they should be given at least equal opportunities with their counterparts. In addition, the non sworn personnel positions should also be fairly distributed among the races. For example, females are dominating in clerical than in any other area. To avoid this, individuals should be encouraged to pursue diverse studies thus enhancing flexibility. The agency should also start training the officials so that they become compatible to the opportunities arising in future. Another strategy is that, the agency should prohibit transferability of positions to people of the same race as this creates an empire which is hard to break. The agency culture Every organization, whether public, profit or not-for-profit has distinct culture. Culture can be defin ed as a set of meanings and understandings shared by a particular group of people. Culture is distinct and different from one group to another. While culture is known to be different from one entity to another, some organizations have common elements. For example police forces wear uniforms and use weapons in their duties. Virtual police department has its own set of meanings or understandings shared among its people Individuals in the armed forces have also their culture based on discipline. In addition, integrity is a well known virtue within the armed forces. For long time in its operation, high level of integrity has been integrated within Virtual police department. The citizens have many expectations from the police and at no time should the force fail the integrity test. Currently, the public is confident with Virtual police department. This is evident in that their approval rating is at all time high compared to other law enforcement agencies. Transparency and integrity is ba ckbone to any organization. Any organization which embraces these virtues cannot suffer credibility crisis, neither will its image be tainted. Virtual police department has been undergoing organization change, characterized by retirement of senior commanders. Those officers left to run the organizations are young individuals who have not worked in the force long enough and have minimal managerial experience and leadership ability. The senior department chiefs retired leaving a huge leadership gap to be filled. It does not mean that Virtual police department cannot be led by young chiefs. What is crucial is that experience in running public office such as Virtual police department is paramount. Therefore before any promotion is given to any officer in the police department, experience and training should be considered first. Whistle blowing refers to the act of reporting offensive acts being perpetuated within a particular department to the relevant authorities so that appropriate ac tion can be taken on the perpetrators. One police officer cannot remain silent as the fellow partner engages in unlawful behavior. The officer should take immediate action to notify the superiors regarding the act (Shermann 30). It appears that whistle blowing has not been a practiced within the Virtual police department. Rather the officers let their partners get away with misconduct, bringing the entire police department into great disrepute. It is common for scandals to explode. Such scandals arising from code of silence severely damage the image of the police department making its credibility to be questionable. Therefore, the department should introduce reforms so as to curb the vice and to act as a deterrent against misconduct. According to Chan (109-134), change of culture is one of the ways through which an organization or department can improve its credibility. With regard to this Virtual department should undertake measures aimed at changing culture in the organization. In order to attain this, the police officers with questionable integrity and those under various investigations should to step down to facilitate probes. Recruiting well learned personnel is also critical for the performance of the department. This is due to the fact that these personnel will have the necessary skills. Crime analysis Basing on the current crime statistics, it is evident that serious crime such as homicide is not prevalent in this county. It is also evident that murder rate in the county has been almost constant. The study showed that 17 cases of homicide have occurred between 2005 and 2008.Sexual offence related crime like rape tends to remain constant although there was a minimal surge in 2008. The most common crime in the county is theft. This offence has been steadily increasing from 2006 and it appears that there is laxity and apathy amongst police officers in this place. There is a high probability that criminals were involved in a syndicate with the officers. An other probable reason for the alarming statistics is that the crime of this nature is taken lightly and the punishment meted on the culprits is not severe enough to discourage them. Burglary is also one of the common crimes in this locality as depicted by the statistics. In 2008, there was sharp increase in burglary incidences. Burglary incidences rose from 1,242 to 1,617 representing a percentage increase of 30%. From these statistics, it is evident that the rate of crime in this county has been increasing steadily. The common problems associated with the rise in crime are unemployment among county dwellers. The study further reveals that the mean income of the people has reduced. Another cause is the rapidly expanding populations probably caused by rural to urban migration. It is possible that people from other regions and places have immigrated to this community. Laxity cannot be overlooked as one of the reasons for prevalence of crime. Regarding complaints against the Virtual po lice department, people complain of their conduct more than other issues such as performance and use of force. It is also clear that there are cases of complaints against use of force. This has been rising steadily. It appears that the personnel conduct themselves in a manner not befitting their status in the society. One of the strategies that can be used to reduce crime is community policing. This is where the dwellers of the community assist the police in combating the crime. Citizens should be vigilant and alert so as to identify when such incident occurs. The actions should be reported immediately to the police officers who will then take appropriate action and arrest the culprits. With community policing, the police and the citizens assist each other in keeping peace. Since the county is composed of a small community, there is a high probability of community policing working. Another strategy which can result into reduction of crime is to establish new police posts. The posts should be strategically located in the residential areas. For areas which are dark, it is important to erect street lamps so as to minimize crime in dark alleys. Installing CCTV (closed circuit television) in streets, buildings and corners will also be instrumental in stemming out crime. The CCTV will provide real time 24 hours surveillance to the police operators so that whenever crime is happening, they can respond immediately and make arrests. CCTV will act as a deterrent to people who would want to engage in crime since they know they are being monitored. Conclusion Virtual police department is a young police department established more than half a century ago. It is a society predominated by Caucasians with other races following distantly. It is arguably a small division because it comprises of almost five hundred sworn police officers and almost 200 civilians. The main issues facing this department include surge in crime, rise in population which makes security a challenging t ask, changing culture and government regulations. Recommendation It is vital for the federal government to increase its budgetary allocation for the police department so that it can initiate changes that can result into improvement of the department’s performance. Additional financial resources should be sought so as to aid in recruiting more officers and also undertaking reforms in the department such as training the future department heads. Funding will also be crucial in boosting security of the area because the money will be used to install surveillance system for security purposes. Works Cited American Community Survey Bureaus. Demographic of virtual police department, USA: The U.S. census Bureau. 2000. Print. Chan, J. Changing police culture. British Journal of Criminology,1998. Print. Jenkins, Philip. Intimate enemies: moral panics in contemporary Great Britain, Great Britain: Transaction Publishers. 1998. Print. Shermann, L. Scandal and reforms: Controlling police ref orm. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California, 1978. Print. This report on Virtual police department was written and submitted by user Courtney Holt to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Net Effects essays

Net Effects essays The excessive amount of entertaining hours spent on the "International Super Highway" is simply not worth the long-term effects that come with it. Though the Internet provides the material joys of life - music, movies, games - as well as worldwide communication 24 hours a day, the 'Net does have it's set-backs. A few effects of Internet addiction include: "house -arrest," fallen grades at school, as well as the breaking up of personal relationships. When the need to go on the Internet becomes an addiction, staying at home is common ground. It becomes a routine of spending hours in front of the computer from dawn till dust, only leaving the screen for a snack or short break. In addition, the immeasurable amount of hours devoted to the Internet, neglects the time spent for homework and studying for school. Eventually, grades do fall and poor time management is certain. Grades are not the only elements that fall apart, but as do personal relationships with family and friends. Th e need to spend time on the computer rather than with those who are near and dear to you can most certainly break the bonds of a relationship. Similar to studies, friends and family can be neglected as well. Undoubtedly, spending an excessive amount of time on the Internet can result in drastic consequences. It can not only be addicting, but it can also lead to a negative change in your academics, and but personal life for sure. The saying that "Too much of anything, isn't good for you," proves accurate in Internet usage. ...

Operations and Technology Management Assignment

Operations and Technology Management - Assignment Example This makes it very difficult to accurately forecast in advance the designs so they stick to the traditional and common designs. They will not purchase materials in big orders because of the uncertainty of the forecast. Hence, this management strategy could be considered as very conservative and inefficient operation style. The effect of this goes beyond the initial production. In the event that the forecast is correct and replenishments are in order, the same cannot be produced immediately. Materials were pre-ordered a year before and may not be in manufacture anymore or such other delays may occur. So even if the design becomes in demand, M&S will not be able to cater to it immediately. Their slow response will lead customers to shop elsewhere like Zara who can "copy a successful competitor model and get it on its shelves within 7 days and all at low-to-middle range prices." What is needed is a change. But it is not a piece meal change, as can be seen in the effecexplanation. It req uires changing to root causes of poor performance which according to Merrill Lynch is, "heavy organization, limited flexibility and over centralization." 1. He downsized in the effort to save costs and bring up the value of company stocks. This led to the closure of operations in Canada & 6 stores in France and Germany. This also led to the UK management staff cut of over 1000 employees including Simon Marks great grandson. The closure of operations and stores may be a smart financial move but in the long run may cost the company far greater losses in terms of customer "goodwill' and company profile. Peter Salisbury should have explored other avenues like selling by consignment of goods or maintain a booth within a large department store, or even franchising to maintain relations with customers and thus not to lose the important "goodwill." Without "goodwill" a company is nothing. Company employee goodwill should have also been maintained to make the employees feel secure in their work and thus work harder for the company. Downsizing even the number of management staff cannot be avoided but he should have maintained Simon Marks great grandson if he was worth it. How can a mere employee be secure in his work when even the relative of its founder who works as hard as him does not enjoy even a bit of leeway. Is the company going bankrupt that it can no longer give a little respect to the memory of its founding member What company profile does this action show the industry He forgot to look closely into the history of the company that it reached the peak of its glory when its patronage grew. People chose to buy M&S products because the company gave back to its employees in terms of social/ welfare services. 2. He moved to reorganize and decentralize through the "Return to Recovery Program" by rationalizing its supplier base. 77% of turnover was sourced from the UK which allowed close proximity to the buying team for controls and communication. This stopped or limited the sourcing of clothes to Hong Kong. Savings were obtained from having to obtain the sourcing from Asia, flying the same to UK for control

Assignment 1 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment 1 - Case Study Example 1). Using positioning strategy, retailers are making consumers aware of an expected increase in the prices of chicken products. They are also making consumers aware of the reason behind the increase in order to satisfy them. In the article, it is evident that Australian meat producers have researched the market to know the reason behind the expected increase in the chicken price. The research shows that chicken meat is one of the most favorite proteins of Australians who like to eat loads of chicken per year. Through research about prices, the meat producers have concluded that a significant increase in the international grain prices over the last three months is going to increase the chicken price in the Australian markets. Moreover, they have also researched about other products, such as, wheat the prices of which have increased by $100 a ton recently which is nearly a thirty percent increase in wheat prices. However, they say that chicken prices are not going to increase by more than five percent. Again, the producers are trying to make a good use of positioning to make consumers aware of the overall expected increase in prices. Another concept of marketing evident from the article is market equilibrium. According to Ali (2011), the difference between demand and supply has always a huge impact on overall market. The producers know that increased white meat prices will force consumers to eat red meat that will cause a decrease in the demand of white meat. The producers are trying to use this concept by saying that a decrease in the demand of white meat because of increased chicken prices will force suppliers to reduce feed prices which will consequently decrease the price of chicken in the Australian

Flight of the Kittyhawk Essay Example for Free

Flight of the Kittyhawk Essay The case showed that HP valued technical innovation as a key to the business success. From the beginning, HP had employed a management by objective (MBO) process that motivated its people to focus on the potential paths of innovation and strategy to achieve its goals. Hence, when the idea for the Kittyhawk project came up, Spenner received the support of Hackborn , and Rey Smelek , the same people who promoted Spenner to General Manager of the Disk Memory Division (DMD) and supported Spenners â€Å"concept-driven thinking. The project also received executive support from the top ranks of HP despite the hesitation of some of the RD section managers in view of the unclear market of the proposed new product. HP seems to have done everything right. They had set up an autonomous project team, and gave the project heavy senior management support. It was then easy for Spenner to create the team for the development of the project. The Kittyhawk team was not governed by the divisions traditional development processes and was given autonomy to develop the drive, find new markets and cultivate its customer base. Seymour and White, both with reputations for â€Å"quick-thinking and action,† led the R;D and marketing divisions, respectively. The Kittyhawk managers carefully selected their staff of exceptional employees from within HP, composed of risk-takers that would be more excited by the market potential of a 1. 3-inch drive than by its technological capabilities. HP has never been a pioneer in the disk-drive business, and Kittyhawk was considered a pioneering effort by the company. HP concentrated its efforts on the most productive stages of the NPD process. The core team for the development of the 1. -inch drive came from within the company. The whole process of development was done within the company but the project team outsourced the manufacture of the drive to an external supplier with proven expertise in miniaturized manufacturing Japans Citizen Watch Corporation which designed and built an automated production line for Kittyhawk. Initial market research was undertaken by S eymour and White but to give Spenner reassurance, the team contracted a highly reputable research firm that specialized in high tech markets to independently gauge the magnitude of Kittyhawks opportunity. However, as no clear market was evident yet, the research firm ended up deriving their conclusions from the Kittyhawk team. As a result, the results of the independent study only mirrored the thoughts of the team. This may have contributed to the error in the target market of the Kittyhawk. HP provided adequate resources and focused R;D funding to the project team which were critical to the success of its NPD process. Eventually, the Kittyhawk project failed to meet its goals but HP still acknowledged its value.

Do Sentences Have Identity? :: Equiformity Language Composition Papers

Do Sentences Have Identity? We study here equiformity, the standard identity criterion for sentences. This notion was put forward by Lesniewski, mentioned by Tarski and defined explicitly by Presburger. At the practical level this criterion seems workable but if the notion of sentence is taken as a fundamental basis for logic and mathematics, it seems that this principle cannot be maintained without vicious circle. It seems also that equiformity has some semantical features ; maybe this is not so clear for individual signs but sentences are often considered as meaningful combinations of signs. If meaning has to play a role, we are thus maybe in no better position than when dealing with identity criterion for propositions. In formal logic, one speaks rather about well-formed formulas, but closed formulas are called sentences because they are meaningful in the sense that they can be true or false. Formulas look better like mathematical objects than material inscriptions and equiformity does not seem to apply to t hem. Various congruencies can be considered as identities between formulas and in particular "to have the same logical form". One can say that the objects of study of logic are rather logical forms than sentences conceived as material inscriptions. 1. What is equiformity? Some logicians have rejected propositions in favour of sentences, arguing in particular that there is no satisfactory identity criterion for propositions (cf. Quine, 1970). But is there one for sentences? The idea that logic is about sentences rather than propositions and that sentences are nothing more that material inscriptions was already developed by Lesniewski, who also saw immediately the main difficulty of this conception and introduced the notion of equiformity to solve it. His attitude his well described in a footnote of one of Tarski’s famous early papers: As already explained, sentences are here regarded as material objects (inscriptions). (...) It is not always possible to form the implication of two sentences (they may occur in widely separated places). In order to simplify matters we have (...) committed an error; this consists in identifying equiform sentences (as S. Lesniewski calls them). This error can be removed by interpreting S as the set of all types of sentences (and not of sentences) and by modifying in an analogous manner the intuitive sense of other primitve concepts. In this connexion by the type of a sentence x we understand the set of all sentences which are equiform with x.

Orbital Engine Company

CASE STUDY: Orbital Engine Company CONTENT (1)Executive SummaryP. 3 (2)Introduction of Business BackgroundP. 4 (3)OEC’s objectiveP. 4 (4) Key issues HighlightsP. 5 4. 1Two Wise DecisionP. 5 4. 2Large Car Manufactures Appeared not ready to adopt OCP EnginesP. 5-6 4. 3 Marketing Lessons Can be Learned P. 6 4. 3. 1Marketing Mix and 4P sP. 6 4. 3. 2OEC’s Porter Five Forces P. 6 4. 3. 3Licensing and Joint VentureP. 7 (5) ConclusionP. 7 (6)ReferencesP. 8 (1)Executive Summary In this severe economic environment the management of time, in the meaning of the ability to pioneer the market with new products or services, becomes crucial. OEC was in the favourable position of being able to provide customer with solutions that incorporate the latest state of technology; however, OEC was slow reactions to shifts in customer needs and technological advancements which did not allow OEC to realize economies of speed, even though customers are willing to honour fast reactions with higher prices. Furthermore, being the first on the market with an innovative product creates a temporary monopoly and brand recognition. In this market situation the pioneering company is relatively free to set adequate prices in order to recover the usually considerable cost for research and development. Once other companies come up with similar products prices drop immediately, due to the increased competition. In this situation, it becomes much more difficult to repay investments in research and development. Finally, being innovate creates a positive image among customers and, thus, strengthens the competitive position of OEC in the marketplace. During the process, OEC had experienced the changes and made some wise decisions. OEC is a potential company which has a lot of opportunities to diversify its products in cope with the market change through licensing, joint venture and product diversification. According to Porter’s model, increased bargaining power of suppliers would lead to increased costs for major input factors, exerting heavy pressure on the critical success factor costs. This also enhanced bargaining power of customers requires companies to consider customer needs to a larger extent. Basically, the same effect derives from the increased rivalry of existing competitors within the same industry. The severe competitive situation is even enhanced as the higher probability of new entrants increases the demand for low costs, flexibility, and economies of time. Finally, the market implies an increased threat of substitutes. Thus, OEC needs to improve their cost and quality position in order to stay competitive. (2)Introduction of business background Orbital is an international developer of innovative technical solutions for a cleaner world. Orbital’s innovative design and its product development and operational improvement services are attracted to the world’s car makers and end users of engines. Orbital’s headquarter is based in Perth, Western Australia, and is traded on the Australian Stock Exchange (OEC). OEC is a pioneer for engine innovation that it keeps on trying to improve the product in cope with the market change and need. With its breakthrough of fuel injection and electronic combustion process (OCP) for two-stroke design, it benefits to both vehicles and engines becomes cheaper in price and lighter in weight, which leading to a big saving on the fuel consumption with lower emission levels. This report provides a discussion of the consequences of OEC’s marketing strategies and its activities that I think what OEC is making their wise decisions on, why has OEC failed to have its engine adopted by any major Car manufacturer at the time of the case, in spite of the engine having many apparent benefits, and what marketing lessons can be learned from the fact that some of OEC’s technology has been adopted by the makers of marine outboard motors in the US. At each point, I will give my recommendation and suggestion on the marketing point of views to help the company making decision. 3)OEC’s objective OEC’s key objective was to get the major car manufacturers in the US to adopt their new engine. (3) Key issues Highlights 3. 1Two Wise Decision (261) OEC had made at two wise decisions to get the major car manufacturers to adopt their new engine in the US. First of all, OEC developed a pricing policy for its intellectual property at the early stage tha t it built up a series of licence options for car manufacturers, such as General Motors, Ford, Fiat, Jaguar and Volkswagen to evaluate the technology and needs before converting into their final licence agreement. Kotler et al (2007, pp. 318, 590) mentioned that, â€Å"A method of entering a foreign market in which the company enters into an agreement with a licensee in the foreign market, offering the right to use a manufacturing process, trademark, patent, trade secret or other item of value for a fee or royalty†¦More and more for-profit and not-for-profit organisations are licensing their names to generate additional revenues and brand recognition. † This brand recognition of licensing became one of the key profit generators for OEC. Secondly, OEC made another wise decision on joint venture with Brunswick Corporation, the parent of Mercury Marine in January 1995, became METEOR. This joint venture helped to develop, manufacture, market and sell Orbtal’s SEFIS to the global market for low emission two stroke engines, which was threatened by the US anti-pollution regulations (ULEV). Kotler et al (2007, p. 591) advocated that, â€Å"The most common form of manufacturing-based entry into overseas markets for Australian firms is that of joint venturing. The local partner could provide access to the distribution network due to their knowledge with the local marketing environment while OEC brought in their joint venture technology and production know-how. Since the first step of joint venture, there were numerous of other joint ventures happening which helped OEC to push the two stroke engine to the market in cope with the US emission standard. 3. 2Large Car Manufactures Appeared not ready to adopt OCP Engines After discussing about the wise decisions, there were also obstacles for OEC to push their OCP engines into the large car manufactures. The core reason why OEC had failed to have its engine adopted by major car manufacturers was because OEC spent too much focus on R&D than really focusing on analyzing its product was able to be adopted or pushed to the market. The marketing mix was unclear and OEC was failed to identify car manufacturers’ concerns and their potential interest of products. This lack of knowledge of customers’ needs and wants was leading to the failure. The market need was four strokes and OEC focused on two strokes. Kotler et al. (2007, p. 239) stated that, â€Å"In order to design effective marketing mix strategies, the marketer must understand what factors within the organisation influence the purchase (or non-purchase) response of potential customers. † OEC should first create a need-satisfying market offering and then found out the real-value for their customers. In addition, Manley (1994, p. 66) asserted that, â€Å"Learning is a particularly critical for Orbital in the sense that the company was operating in a turbulent and complex environment as reflected in: emission legislation reviews begin undertaken internationally; the number of actors in the global car industry and structural changes in the industry caused by the changing nature of international competition. In response, the company’s innovation process exhibits orga nisational flexibility, anticipatory capabilities and responsiveness to change. â€Å" Because of the above, OEC was not able to sell its technology to those large car manufacturers at that moment. . 3Marketing Lessons Can be Learned From this case study, there are several marketing lessons can be learned, such as marketing mix and 4Ps, Porter Five Forces, Licensing, and Joint Venture. 3. 3. 1Marketing Mix and 4Ps OEC had spent a lot of time and money on R&D on OCP and which neglected to understand what the customers’ need and want which is difficult to position the company to the targeted segmentation and its market. Because of that, OEC almost risked themselves into bankruptcy before 1989 if they could not gain the financial support from BHP and Australia Government. It is essential to under customers’ wants and need and then market the right product, right place, right promotion and right price. 3. 3. 2OEC’s Porter Five Forces According to this concept, the intensity of competition in an industry is rooted in its underlying economic structure (Porter Strategy 1998, pp. 3). This structure is expressed by five basic competitive forces which determine the ultimate profit potential of the respective industry. The five competitive forces are threat of new entrants, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers, and intensity of rivalry. As of June 1994, OEC already had acquired 854 patents and its applications, but it sat on it without further development which missed out a lot of business opportunities as a pioneer in the market. Kotler et al. (2007, p. 101) asserted that, â€Å"The implication is that the firm should influence the balance of forces through strategic moves, thereby strengthening the firm’s position. Alternatively, the strategists might reposition the firm so that its capabilities factors underlying the forces and respond to them, thus exploiting change by choosing a strategy appropriate to the new competitive balance before competitors recognise it. 3. 3. 3Licensing and Joint Venture Through OEC’s success in licensing and joint venture, it gave the company a business breakthrough to position themselves in a strong market place. Most of its earnings from OEC is from licensing, development and supply agreements. In addition, investing and expanding the business in foreign countries, th ere are various laws and regulations that investors should pay highly attentions, and thus, cooperating with a joint venture company locally would be the most fast and easier way to explore the market; especially OEC has its technology know-how. 6) Conclusion To conclude, in this report, I have shown the effects of OEC’s marketing strategies on both wise and failure decision. These effects mainly consist of substantial alteration of the competitive environment in the form of unclear industry boundaries, increased rivalry, and a reduced relevance of traditional success factors. With the strategic marketing concept, it enables OEC to compete successfully in this altered economic environment. 7)References Kotler, P. , Brown L. , Adam S. , Burton S, Armstrong G. , (2007), Marketing 7th Edn, Pearson Education, Australia. Manley, K. J. , 1994, Factors Leading to Offshore Manufacture of Australian Inventions: The case of The Orbital Combustion Process Engine, Murdoch University, Wes tern Australia. Porter, M. E. : ‘Competitive Advantage. Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance’, 2nd Ed. , New York et al: The Free Press 1998.